Basic concepts
Rationalism: even though the matter world is real, when it’s perceived in a chaotic way it’s our reason what gives it a meaning through interpretation.
Empiricism: the only way to know the world is through empiric experience, there can’t be innate ideas; everything through senses and experiences.
Criticism: the knowledge we can obtain requires the combination of reason and experience.
Idealism: Idealism refers to any philosophy that argues that reality is somehow dependent upon the mind rather than independent of it. More extreme versions will deny that the “world” even exists outside of our minds. Narrow versions argue that our understanding of reality reflects the workings of our mind first and foremost — that the properties of objects have no standing independent of minds perceiving them.
Realism: Philosophical theory that emphasizes the existence of some kind of things or objects, in contrast to theories that dispense with the things in question in favour of words, ideas, or logical constructions. In particular, the term stands for the theory that there is a reality quite independent of the mind. In this sense, realism is opposed to idealism, the theory that only minds and their contents exist.
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